This these analyzes the dynamic process through which, at the end of the sixties, " participatory democracy " appears in France, and can, under specific conditions, develop from itself. We give an overall view of participatory tools and emphasize the diversity of the expectations they are supposed to fulfill. The perspective adopted combines three fields generally usued separately in political science : public policy analysis, social movements analysis, and theories of democracy and political participation, using the notion of political opportunity structures. Participatory democracy is thus decribed in its diffuse, contrasted, complex dimensions, and in its unintend dimensions. A " participationist context " caracterizes France at the end ...